diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 652296b..a062ea8 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -79,7 +79,13 @@ CXXFLAGS += -DRANDOM_SEED=$(RANDOM_SEED)
 BENCH_SIZES ?= 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
 BENCH_ITER ?= 1000
 
-.PHONY: all main run bench run-bench bench-suite video sizes asm test clean clean-all
+# Verification parameters
+REFERENCE_CSV ?= reference/baseline_n60_i4000.csv
+REFERENCE_N_P ?= 60
+REFERENCE_N_ITER ?= 4000
+VERIFY_CSV := verify_$(VARIANT).csv
+
+.PHONY: all main run bench run-bench bench-suite video sizes asm test clean clean-all verify
 
 all: main
 
@@ -91,6 +97,18 @@ main: clean
 run: main
 	./$(TARGET) $(N_P) $(N_ITER) $(CSV)
 
+#   make verify                     # sanity check (baseline vs reference)
+#   make verify VARIANT=v1_cutoff   # check a specific variant
+verify: main
+	./$(TARGET) $(REFERENCE_N_P) $(REFERENCE_N_ITER) $(VERIFY_CSV)
+	@if cmp -s $(REFERENCE_CSV) $(VERIFY_CSV); then \
+		echo "PASS: variant '$(VARIANT)' matches $(REFERENCE_CSV) bit-exact"; \
+		rm -f $(VERIFY_CSV); \
+	else \
+		echo "FAIL: variant '$(VARIANT)' differs from $(REFERENCE_CSV) (kept $(VERIFY_CSV) for inspection)"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+
 # make bench : compile the main executable with benchmarking enabled.
 bench: CXXFLAGS += -DBENCHMARK=1
 bench: clean